As Bill Anderson and I work our way through the tenets and context of
Trustworthy Computing, I want to capture references to works that may be
valuable to identify and perhaps explore.
This list starts with unrefined sources from citations and mentions in
other works. The first challenge is to then determine where the materials
are to be found. The idea is to promote the accessibility of these
materials for exploration and review by others.
When such material is consulted, additional notes on their relevance will
be captured and the list of sources refined. New unrefined sources will
doubtless arise.
-- Dennis E. Hamilton
2002 February 2
- Howard, Michael., LeBlanc, David.
- Writing Secure Code. Microsoft Press. (Redmond, WA:
2002). ISBN 0-7356-1588-8 pbk.
- Poulsen, Kevin.
-
U.S. Funds Open Source Security Hub. Technology: Security Forum.
Business Week online. February 7, 2002.
- Mundie, Craig., de Vries, Pierre., Haynes, Peter., Corwine, Matt.
-
Trustworthy Computing. Microsoft white paper. Prepared for
submission to the 31st World Economic Forum. 2002 January 31.
Revised May, 2002.
-
- Barnes, Barry
- Barnes, Barry., Bloor, David., Henry, John. Scientific
Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis. Chicago University Press
(Chicago: 1996); Athlon (London: 1996).
- Beck, Ulrich
- Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Sage (London: 1992).
The preoccupation with technological risk is
identified here. MacKenzie sees the historical novelty of high-modern
risks as overstated. For us, it is the political preoccupation
with it that is of notable. [MacKenzie2001:
7-8]
- Bijke, Wiebe E.
- Pinch, Trevor J., Bijker, Wiebe E. The Social Construction of
Facts and Artefacts: or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of
Technology might Benefit Each Other. Social Studies of Science
14 (1984), 399-441.
- Bloor, David
- Wittgenstein and Mannheim on the Sociology of Mathematics.
Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 4 (1973),
173-191.
- Bloor, David
- Bloor, David. Knowledge and Social Imagery. Routledge
& Kegan Paul (London: 1976).
- Bloor, David
- Bloor, David. Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge.
Macmillan (London: 1983).
- Bloor, David
- Barnes, Barry., Bloor, David., Henry, John. Scientific
Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis. Chicago University Press
(Chicago: 1996); Athlon (London: 1996).
- Bloor, David
- Bloor, David. Wittgenstein: Rules and Institutions.
Routledge (London: 1997).
- Bloor, David
- Bloor, David., Edge, David. Knowing Reality Through Society.
Physics World 11, 3 (March 1998), 23. Also Social
Studies of Science 30 (2000), 158-160.
MacKenzie draws the "zero-sum" metaphor from this
paper, pointing out that he does not see such an impact.
-
- Boehm, Barry.
- The ACM-IEEE Initiative on Software Engineering as a Profession.
ACM Software Engineering Notes 19, 4 (October 1994), 1-2.
- Buxton, J.N.
- Buxton, J.N., Randell, B., (eds.). Software Engineering
Techniques: Report on a Conference Sponsored by the NATO Science Committee,
Rome, Italy, 27th to 31st October 1969. NATO Scientific Affairs
Division (Brussels: 1970).
- Daston, Lorraine
- Daston, Lorraine., Galison, Peter. The Image of Objectivity.
Representations 40 (Fall 1992), 81-128.
Provides an useful sketch of the emergence of
"mechanical objectivity," according to MacKenzie [2001]
- Dijkstra, Edsger W.
- Structured Programming. pp. 84-88 in Buxton, J.N., Randell, B.,
(eds.). Software Engineering Techniques: Report on a Conference
Sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, Rome, Italy, 27th to 31st October
1969. NATO Scientific Affairs Division (Brussels: 1970).
MacKenzie borrows the quote: "Program testing can
be used to show the presence of bugs, but never to show their absence!"
- Fischer, Charles S.
- The Last Invariant Theorists: A Sociological Study of the Collective
Biographies of Mathematical Specialists. European Journal of
Sociology 8 (1967), 216-244.
- Fischer, Charles S.
- Some Social Characteristics of Mathematicians and Their Work.
American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973), 1094-1118.
- Fischer, Roland
- Restivo, Sal., Van Bendegem, Jean Paul., Fischer, Roland., (eds.).
Math Worlds: Philosophical and Social Studies of Mathematics and
Mathematics Education. State University of New York Press (Albany,
NY: 1993).
- Fox, Robert
- Fox, Robert (ed.). Technological Change: Methods and Themes in
the History of Technology. Harwood (Amsterdam: 1996).
- Galison, Peter
- Daston, Lorraine., Galison, Peter. The Image of Objectivity.
Representations 40 (Fall 1992), 81-128.
- Galison, Peter.
- Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics.
University of Chicago Press (Chicago: 1997).
Recommended in [MacKenzie2001]
(Chapter 1 note 6) for a sophisticated treatment that avoids both naive
assertions of the independence of induction and simplistic claims about the
nature of its dependence upon theory.
- Giddens, Anthony
- The Consequences of Modernity. Polity (Cambridge: 1990).
The terminology regarding societies of high
modernity, and the preoccupations that show up around technology, are from
here in [MacKenzie2001: p.7]
-
- Heinz
- Innenwelt
- Henry, John
- Barnes, Barry., Bloor, David., Henry, John. Scientific
Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis. Chicago University Press
(Chicago: 1996); Athlon (London: 1996).
- Kuhn, Thomas S.
- The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. ed.2 University of
Chicago Press (Chicago: 1970).
- Lakatos, Imre
- Essays in the Logic of Mathematical Discovery. Ph.D. thesis.
Cambridge University, 1961.
- Lakatos, Imre
- Worall, John., Zahar, Elie., (eds.)., Lakatos, Imre.
Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery.
Cambridge University Press (Cambridge: 1976).
- Laprie, J. C.
- Laprie, J.C., (ed.). Dependability: Basic Concepts and Terminology in
English, French, German, Italian and Japanese. Springer (Vienna:
1992).
MacKenzie uses the terminology here:
1. Failure: when the delivered service no longer complies with the
specification, the latter being an agreed description of the system's
expected function and/or service.
2. Error: that part of the system state which is liable to lead to
subsequent failure.
3. Fault: adjudged or hypothesized fault of an error.
MacKenzie points out that Failure is too narrow,
since it excludes the important case of failures by mistaken specification.
See John Rushby [1994: p.193].
- Lamport, Leslie
- Letter to editor. Comm. ACM 22 (1979), 624.
MacKenzie [2001]
draws on the analogy with geometry given here to provide a demonstration of
the use of deductive proof rather than exhaustive testing, e.g., for the
Pythagoras Theorem.
-
- Livingston, Eric.
- The Ethnomethodological Foundations of Mathematics. Routledge &
Kegan Paul (London: 1986).
- Livingston[, Eric ?]
- Cultures of Proving. Social Studies of Science 29
(1999), 867-888.
- Lolli, Gabriele
- Lolli, Gabriele. La Macchina e le Dimostrazioni. il
Mulino (Bologna: 1987).
Identified as the closest general historical
treatment of the "various technical specialisms bearing upon computing,
risk, and proof" by MacKenzie [2001].
-
- MacKenzie, Donald.
- The Automation of Proof: A Historical and Sociological Exploration.
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 17, 3 (1995), 7-29.
- MacKenzie, Donald.
- How Do We Know the Properties of Artefacts? Applying the Sociology
of Knowledge to Technology. pp. 247-263 in Fox, Robert (ed.).
Technological Change: Methods and Themes in the History of Technology.
Harwood (Amsterdam: 1996).
- MacKenzie, Donald.
- Pottinger, Garrel., MacKenzie, Donald. Mathematics, Technology,
and Trust: Formal Verification, Computer Security, and the U.S. Military.
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 19, 3 (1997), 41-59.
- MacKenzie, Donald.
- Slaying the Kraken: The Sociohistory of a Mathematical Proof.
Social Studies of Science 29 (1999), 7-60.
- MacKenzie, Donald.
- Chapter in Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in
Management and Engineering, World War II and After. Hughes, Agatha C.,
Hughes, John P. (eds.). MIT Press (Cambridge, MA: 2000).
- Mannheim, Karl
- Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge.
Harcourt, Brace & World (New York: 1936).
MacKenzie observes that Mannheim excluded
mathematics and logic from the scope of the field he founded, the sociology
of knowledge.
- Mendelsohn, Everet
- Mendelsohn, Everett., Weingart, Peter., Nowotny, Helga., (eds.).
The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge: Sociology of the Sciences,
Volume 1. Reidel (Dordrecht: 1977).
- Mehrtens, Herbert.
- Moderne-Sprache-Mathematic. Eine Geschichte des Streits um die
Grundlagen der Disciplin und des Subjekts formaler Systeme.
Suhrkamp (Frankfort: 1990).
- Nowotny, Helga
- Mendelsohn, Everett., Weingart, Peter., Nowotny, Helga., (eds.).
The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge: Sociology of the Sciences,
Volume 1. Reidel (Dordrecht: 1977).
- Paláez, Eloína.
-
A Gift From Pandora's Box: The Software Crisis. Ph.D. thesis,
University of Edinburgh, 1988.
- Pinch, Trevor J.
- What Does a Proof Do if It Does Not Prove? A Study of the Social
Conditions and Metaphysical Divisions leading to David Bohm and John von
Neumann failing to communicate in Quantum Physics. pp. 171-215 in
Mendelsohn, Everett., Weingart, Peter., Nowotny, Helga., (eds.).
The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge: Sociology of the Sciences,
Volume 1. Reidel (Dordrecht: 1977).
- Pinch, Trevor J.
- Pinch, Trevor J., Bijker, Wiebe E. The Social Construction of Facts and
Artefacts: or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology
might Benefit Each Other. Social Studies of Science 14
(1984), 399-441.
- Porter, Theodore M.
- Quantification and the Accounting Ideal in Science. Social
Studies of Science 22 (1992), 633-651.
- Porter, Theodore M.
- Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public
Life. Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ: 1995).
- Pottinger, Garrel.
- Pottinger, Garrel., MacKenzie, Donald. Mathematics, Technology,
and Trust: Formal Verification, Computer Security, and the U.S. Military.
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 19, 3 (1997), 41-59.
-
- Randell, B.
- Buxton, J.N., Randell, B., (eds.). Software Engineering
Techniques: Report on a Conference Sponsored by the NATO Science Committee,
Rome, Italy, 27th to 31st October 1969. NATO Scientific Affairs
Division (Brussels: 1970).
- Restivo, Sal
- Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquires.
Klewer (Dordrecht: 1992).
- Restivo, Sal
- Restivo, Sal., Van Bendegem, Jean Paul., Fischer, Roland., (eds.).
Math Worlds: Philosophical and Social Studies of Mathematics and
Mathematics Education. State University of New York Press (Albany,
NY: 1993).
- Rosental
- "Histoire"
- Rosental, Claude.
- Les Travailleurs de la Preuve sur Internet: Transformations et
Permanences du Functionnement de la Recherche. Acts de la Recherche
en Sciences Sociales 134 (2000), 37-44.
- Rosental, Claude.
- La Production de Connaissances Certifiées en Logique: Un Processus
Collectif d'Accréditation d'un Théorème. Cahiers Internationalux de
Sociologie 91 (2000), 343-374.
- Rushby, John.
- Critical System Properties: Survey and Taxonomy. Reliability
Engineering and System Safety 43 (1994), 189-219.
- Schaffer, Simon.
- Shapin, Steven., Schaffer, Simon. Leviathan and the Air-Pump.
Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton University
Press (Princeton, NJ: 1985).
- Shapin, Steven.
- A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in
Seventeenth-Century England. University of Chicago Press (Chicago:
1994).
- Shapin, Steven
- Shapin, Steven., Schaffer, Simon. Leviathan and the Air-Pump.
Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton University
Press (Princeton, NJ: 1985).
- Turkle, Sherry.
- The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. Granada
(London: 1984).
According to MacKenzie, Turkle points out that
computers are "evocative objects." Previously, "animals ... seemed our
nearest neighbors in the known universe. Computers, with their
interactivity, their psychology, with whatever fragments of intelligence
they have, now bid for this place." The computer is an
"object-to-think-with," in particular to think about what it is to be human.
- Van Bendegem, Jean Paul
- Restivo, Sal., Van Bendegem, Jean Paul., Fischer, Roland., (eds.).
Math Worlds: Philosophical and Social Studies of Mathematics and
Mathematics Education. State University of New York Press (Albany,
NY: 1993).
- Weingart, Peter
- Mendelsohn, Everett., Weingart, Peter., Nowotny, Helga., (eds.).
The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge: Sociology of the Sciences,
Volume 1. Reidel (Dordrecht: 1977).
- Worall, John
- Worall, John., Zahar, Elie., (eds.)., Lakatos, Imre.
Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery.
Cambridge University Press (Cambridge: 1976).
- Zahar, Elie
- Worall, John., Zahar, Elie., (eds.)., Lakatos, Imre. Proofs and
Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery. Cambridge
University Press (Cambridge: 1976).
Archer, Margaret S. 1987. "Resisting the Revival of Relativism."
International Sociology 2: 235-50.
Barnes, Barry, Bloor, David and Henry, John. 1996. Scientific
Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis. London: Athlone.
consolidated with [MacKenzie2001] references. 1998 use not noted.
Bijker, Wiebe E., Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch. 1987. The Social
Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology of
Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. consolidated with
[MacKenzie2001] references. 1998 use not noted.
Bloor, David. 1973. "Wittgenstein and Mannheim on the Sociology of
Mathematics." Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 4: 173-91.
consolidated with [MacKenzie2001] references. 1998 use not noted.
Bloor, David. 1976. Knowledge and Social Imagery. London:
Routledge. consolidated with [MacKenzie2001] references.
1998 use not noted.
Bloor, David. 1983. Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge.
London: Macmillan. consolidated with [MacKenzie2001] references.
1998 use not noted.
Bloor, David. 1987. Wittgenstein, Rule and Institutions.
London: Routledge. consolidated with [MacKenzie2001] references.
1998 use not noted.
Bloor, David. 1994. "What can the Sociologist of Knowledge say about 2 + 2 =
4." In P. Ernest, ed., Mathematics, Education ands Philosophy
(London: Falmer), 21-32.
Boyer, Robert S. and J. Strother Moore. 1984. "Proof Checking the RSA Public
Key Encryption Algorithm." American Mathematical Monthly 91: 181-89.
Brock, Bishop and Warren A. Hunt. 1990. Report on the Formal Specification
and Partial Verification of the VIPER Microprocessor. Austin, Texas:
Computational Logic, Inc.
Cleland, George and Donald MacKenzie. Forthcoming. "The Industrial Uptake of
Formal Methods: An Analysis and a Policy Proposal." Accepted for publication in
Science and Public Policy.
Cohn, Avra. 1989. "The Notion of Proof in Hardware Verification." Journal
of Automated Reasoning 5: 127-39.
Collins, H. M. 1985. Changing Order: Replication and Induction in
Scientific Practice. London: SAGE.
Crevier, D. 1993. AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial
Intelligence. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
DeMillo, R., R. Lipton, and A. Perlis. 1979. "Social Processes and Proofs of
Theorems and Programs." Communications of the ACM 22: 271-80.
Fetzer, J. H. 1988. "Program Verification: The Very Idea." Communications
of the ACM 31: 1048-63.
Galison, Peter. 1997. Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Glanz, James. 1995. "Mathematical Logic Flushes out the Bugs in Chip
Designs." Science 267 (20 January): 332-33.
Gross, Paul R. and Norman Levitt. 1994. Higher Superstition: The Academic
Left and its Quarrels with Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press.
Haack, Susan. 1976. "The Justification of Deduction." Mind
80: 112-19.
Harwood, Jonathan. 1993. Styles of Scientific Thought: The German Genetics
Community, 1900-1933. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hayes, P. J. 1987. "A Critique of Pure Treason." Computational
Intelligence 3 (1987): 179-185.
Hoare, C. A. R. 1994. "How Did Software Get So Reliable Without Proof?" Talk
to the Awareness Club in Computer Assisted Formal Reasoning, Heriot Watt
University, Edinburgh, 21 March.
Kleiner, Israel. 1991. "Rigor and Proof in Mathematics: A Historical
Perspective." Mathematics Magazine 64: 291-314.
Livingston, E. 1986. The Ethnomethodological Foundations of
Mathematics. London: Routledge.
MacKenzie, Donald. 1990. Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of
Nuclear Missile Guidance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
MacKenzie, Donald. 1991. "The Fangs of the VIPER." Nature
352: 467-68.
MacKenzie, Donald. 1993a. Negotiating Arithmetic, Constructing Proof: The
Sociology of Mathematics and Information Technology." Social Studies of
Science 23: 37-65.
MacKenzie, Donald. 1993b. "The Social Negotation of Proof: An Analysis and a
further Prediction, " in Peter Ryan and Chris Sennett, eds, Formal Methods in
Systems Engineering (London: Springer, 1993), 23-31.
MacKenzie, Donald. 1994. "Computer-Related Accidental Death: An Empirical
Exploration." Science and Public Policy 21: 233-48.
MacKenzie, Donald. 1995. "The Automation of Proof: An Historical and
Sociological Exploration." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
17 (3): 7-29.
MacKenzie, Donald. 1996. "Proof and the Computer: Some Issues Raised by the
Formal Verification of Computer Systems," Science and Public Policy, 23
(1996): 45-53.
MacKenzie, Donald. Forthcoming a. "Slaying the Kraken: The Socio-History of a
Mathematical Proof," accepted for publication in Social Studies of Science.
MacKenzie, Donald. Forthcoming b. "A Worm in the Bud? Computers, Systems, and
the Safety-Case Problem," submitted to Thomas P. Hughes, ed., The Spread of
the Systems Approach (volume under consideration by Chicago University
Press).
MacKenzie, Donald and Pottinger, Garrel. 1997. "Mathematics, Technology, and
Trust: Formal Verification, Computer Security, and the U.S. Military," IEEE
Annals of the History of Computing, 19 (3) 41-59.
MacKenzie, Donald and Tierney, Margaret. 1996. "Safety-Critical and
Security-Critical Computing in Britain: An Exploration," Technology Analysis
and Strategic Management, 9 (355-79).
Ministry of Defence. 1991. Interim Defence Standard 00-55: The Procurement
of Safety Critical Software in Defence Equipment. Glasgow: Ministry of
Defence, Directorate of Standardization.
Myers, Glenford J. 1979. The Art of Software Testing. New York: Wiley.
Neumann, Peter G. 1995. Computer-Related Risks. New York:
Addison-Wesley.
Nidditch, P. H. 1957. Introductory Formal Logic of Mathematics.
London: University Tutorial Press.
Peláez, Eloína, James Fleck and Donald MacKenzie. 1987. "Social Research on
Software." Paper presented to workshop of the Economic and Social Research
Council, Programme on Information and Communication Technologies, Manchester,
December.
Rushby, John. 1993. Formal Methods and the Certification of Critical
Systems. SRI International.
Shapin, Steven. 1994. A Social History of Truth: Civility and
Science in Seventeenth-Century England. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
consolidated with [MacKenzie2001] references. 1998 use not noted.
Stoutemyer, D. R. 1991. "Crimes and Misdemeanors in the Computer Algebra
Trade." Notices of the American Mathematical Society 38: 778-85.
Thistlewaite, P., Michael A. McRobbie, and Robert K. Meyer. 1988.
Automated theorem proving in non-classical logics (London : Pitman).
Thomas, Martyn. 1991. "VIPER Lawsuit withdrawn." Electronic mail
communication, 5 June.
Tierney, Margaret. 1992. "Software Enginering Standards: The 'Formal Methods
Debate' in the UK." Technology Analysis and Strategic Management
4: 245-78.
- [MacKenzie1998]
-
MacKenzie, Donald A. Computers and the Sociology of Mathematical
Proof. Prepared for
Northern Formal Methods Workshop, Ilkley, September 1998.
Edinburgh University Department of Sociology.
Published on-line.
- [MacKenzie2001]
-
MacKenzie, Donald A. Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and
Trust. MIT Press
(Cambridge, MA: 2001). Inside Technology Series.
ISBN 0-262-13393-8
hard cover, alkaline paper.
